Ultimate Guide: CR2 Lithium 3 Volt Battery Essentials

Time: -03-31

Key Highlights

1. CR2 batteries are well-known for their small size and strong energy. This makes them perfect for devices that need much power in a small space.
2. These batteries are essential in various applications, from powering digital cameras and flashlights to medical devices.
3. With a long shelf life, your CR2 batteries will be ready when needed.
4. They provide a voltage of 3V and can hold between 800mAh and mAh, giving you reliable power.
5. We will help you choose the right CR2 battery and tell you important safety tips to keep in mind.

Introduction

In today’s society, many individuals utilize portable electronic devices. The CR2 lithium 3-volt battery has gained immense popularity and is widely used. This compact, circular battery is commonly found in digital cameras, robust flashlights, and other gadgets. Despite its small size, this battery delivers substantial power and typically comes in durable packaging. It plays an important role in our technology-driven lives. Understanding how to use them properly and selecting the appropriate one is crucial for optimal performance and safety. Let’s delve into the realm of CR2 lithium batteries.

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What is the CR2 Lithium 3 Volt Batteries？

The CR2 lithium battery is a cylindrical cell battery that uses lithium chemistry. It is used in many electronic devices. The “CR” part means lithium manganese dioxide (LiMnO2) is inside, while the “2” shows its number in the CR battery group.

It delivers a nominal voltage of 3 volts and is commonly used in high-power devices such as digital cameras, flashlights, golf rangefinders, and security systems.

Specifications of CR2 3.0 Volt Battery

Understanding the technical details of a CR2 battery is important when choosing the best power source for your device. These details help you see what the battery can do, ensuring it works well with your device and achieves the best performance. Here is a simple table showing the main specs of a usual CR2 lithium 3-volt battery:

Key Features and Benefits of CR2 Batteries

The use of CR2 batteries is increasing. This is because they have a good mix of features and benefits.

• Voltage: Provides a nominal voltage of 3 volts, suitable for high-power devices.
• Size: Compact and cylindrical, with dimensions of approximately 27mm (height) x 15.6mm (diameter).
• Chemistry: Utilizes lithium technology, offering high energy density and lightweight construction.
• Long Shelf Life: Can last up to 10 years when stored due to low self-discharge rates.
• Temperature Resilience: Performs reliably in extreme temperatures, typically from -40°C to 60°C (-40°F to 140°F).
• Non-Rechargeable (Primary): Most CR2 batteries are single-use, though rechargeable variants exist.

Common Applications of CR2 Battery

The CR2 Lithium Battery is widely used in various devices due to its compact size, high voltage, and reliable performance. Here are its common applications:

• Digital Cameras: Powers point-and-shoot, and some professional cameras, especially older models, require high energy output.
• Flashlights: Used in tactical and high-performance LED flashlights for bright, sustained illumination.
• Golf Rangefinders: Provides consistent power for accurate distance measurements on the course.
• Security Systems: These are employed in motion sensors, wireless alarms, and other compact security devices.
• Medical Devices: These are found in portable medical equipment, like glucose meters or small diagnostic tools.
• Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Detectors: Supplies long-lasting power for home safety devices.
• Laser Pointers: Drives high-powered laser pointers for presentations or outdoor use.
• Electronic Toys: These are used in battery-operated toys that require reliable, compact energy sources.

Safety Tips for Using CR2 3.0 V Lithium Batteries

• Proper Storage: Always keep the CR2 Lithium 3 Volt Battery in a cool, dry place. Make sure it is away from direct sunlight, heat, or moisture. Do not place the battery near water or fire.
• Do Not Charge: CR2 batteries cannot be recharged. Never try to charge them. Charging these non-rechargeable batteries can cause dangerous issues like overheating or leaking.
• Avoid Short Circuits: Keep the battery terminals away from metal objects or other conductive materials. This helps prevent short circuits, which can make the battery heat up, leak, or even explode.
• Do Not Mix Batteries: Do not mix old and new batteries or different brands in the same device. This can lead to problems and increase the chance of leakage. Always replace batteries together when needed.
• Avoid Physical Damage: Never disassemble, drop, or puncture CR2 batteries. Physical damage can cause dangerous chemical leaks, overheating, or explosions.
• Monitor for Leakage: Regularly check your CR2 Lithium 3 Volt Battery for any leakage, bulging, or damage. If you find any issues, dispose of the battery safely and get a new one.
• Keep Away from Children and Pets: CR2 batteries are small and could be a choking hazard. Always store them where children and pets cannot reach them to avoid accidents.
• Proper Disposal: To protect the environment, dispose of used CR2 Lithium 3 Volt Batteries following local guidelines. Please do not throw them in regular trash. Instead, they should be recycled through special battery recycling programs.

Following these safety guidelines, you can safely dispose of CR2 Lithium 3 Volt Battery. This will help protect your devices and the environment.

Conclusion

In summary, it is essential to understand the key points of CR2 Lithium 3 Volt Batteries. This understanding helps with both performance and safety in different uses. When picking the right battery, you need to think about its features and benefits. Good-quality batteries, like the ones from Pkcell, can improve your experience. Stay informed, follow safety rules, and make smart choices for your power needs. The high-quality CR2 battery can elevate your usage, whether it’s for cameras, flashlights, or other devices. If you want more details or a quote about CR123A, please contact us now. Make a smart choice and keep your devices powered well.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Are CR 2 Batteries Rechargeable?

No, a CR2 Lithium 3-Volt Battery cannot be recharged. It is designed to be used only once. These batteries use lithium chemistry. It can be dangerous to charge a CR2 lithium 3-volt battery with a charger for rechargeable batteries. This can lead to damage and safety problems.

Are there any environmentally friendly ways to dispose of CR2 lithium 3-volt batteries?

• Follow the battery recycling programs near you.
• Look for the correct collection points at local recycling centres and shops.
• Check to see if the battery is leaking or damaged before recycling.
• Use proper packaging to hold the batteries.
• Do not throw CR2 batteries in the regular trash.
• Recycling batteries helps keep the environment safe and healthy.

How Can I Maximize the Lifespan of a CR2 Battery?

Maximize your cr2 lithium 3-volt battery life by turning off devices or removing the batteries when you are not using them. Store the batteries in a cool and dry spot. This will help slow down how fast they lose their charge and keep their power longer.

Battery research is focusing on lithium chemistries so much that one could imagine that the battery future lies solely in lithium. There are good reasons to be optimistic as lithium-ion is, in many ways, superior to other chemistries. Applications are growing and are encroaching into markets that previously were solidly held by lead acid, such as standby and load leveling. Many satellites are also powered by Li-ion.

Lithium-ion has not yet fully matured and is still improving. Notable advancements have been made in longevity and safety while the capacity is increasing incrementally. Today, Li-ion meets the expectations of most consumer devices but applications for the EV need further development before this power source will become the accepted norm. BU-104c: The Octagon Battery – What makes a Battery a Battery, describes the stringent requirements a battery must meet.

As battery care-giver, you have choices in how to prolong battery life. Each battery system has unique needs in terms of charging speed, depth of discharge, loading and exposure to adverse temperature. Check what causes capacity loss, how does rising internal resistance affect performance, what does elevated self-discharge do and how low can a battery be discharged? You may also be interested in the fundamentals of battery testing.

• BU-415: How to Charge and When to Charge?
• BU-706: Summary of Do’s and Don’ts

What Causes Lithium-ion to Age?

The lithium-ion battery works on ion movement between the positive and negative electrodes. In theory such a mechanism should work forever, but cycling, elevated temperature and aging decrease the performance over time. Manufacturers take a conservative approach and specify the life of Li-ion in most consumer products as being between 300 and 500 discharge/charge cycles.

In , small wearable batteries deliver about 300 cycles whereas modern smartphones have a cycle life requirement is 800 cycles and more. The largest advancements are made in EV batteries with talk about the one-million-mile battery representing 5,000 cycles.

Evaluating battery life on counting cycles is not conclusive because a discharge may vary in depth and there are no clearly defined standards of what constitutes a cycle(See BU-501: Basics About Discharging). In lieu of cycle count, some device manufacturers suggest battery replacement on a date stamp, but this method does not take usage into account. A battery may fail within the allotted time due to heavy use or unfavorable temperature conditions; however, most packs last considerably longer than what the stamp indicates.

The performance of a battery is measured in capacity, a leading health indicator. Internal resistance and self-discharge also play roles, but these are less significant in predicting the end of battery life with modern Li-ion.

Figure 1 illustrates the capacity drop of 11 Li-polymer batteries that have been cycled at a Cadex laboratory. The 1,500mAh pouch cells for mobile phones were first charged at a current of 1,500mA (1C) to 4.20V/cell and then allowed to saturate to 0.05C (75mA) as part of the full charge saturation. The batteries were then discharged at 1,500mA to 3.0V/cell, and the cycle was repeated. The expected capacity loss of Li-ion batteries was uniform over the delivered 250 cycles and the batteries performed as expected.

Eleven new Li-ion were tested on a Cadex C battery analyzer. All packs started at a capacity of 88–94% and decreased to 73–84% after 250 full discharge cycles. The mAh pouch packs are used in mobile phones.

Although a battery should deliver 100 percent capacity during the first year of service, it is common to see lower than specified capacities, and shelf life may contribute to this loss. In addition, manufacturers tend to overrate their batteries, knowing that very few users will do spot-checks and complain if low. Not having to match single cells in mobile phones and tablets, as is required in multi-cell packs, opens the floodgates for a much broader performance acceptance. Cells with lower capacities may slip through cracks without the consumer knowing.

Similar to a mechanical device that wears out faster with heavy use, the depth of discharge (DoD) determines the cycle count of the battery. The smaller the discharge (low DoD), the longer the battery will last. If at all possible, avoid full discharges and charge the battery more often between uses. Partial discharge on Li-ion is fine. There is no memory and the battery does not need periodic full discharge cycles to prolong life. The exception may be a periodic calibration of the fuel gauge on a smart battery or intelligent device(See BU-603: How to Calibrate a “Smart” Battery)

The following tables indicate stress related capacity losses on cobalt-based lithium-ion. The voltages of lithium iron phosphate and lithium titanate are lower and do not apply to the voltage references given.

Note: Tables 2, 3 and 4 indicate general aging trends of common cobalt-based Li-ion batteries on depth-of-discharge, temperature and charge levels, Table 6 further looks at capacity loss when operating within given and discharge bandwidths. The tables do not address ultra-fast charging and high load discharges that will shorten battery life. No all batteries behave the same.

Table 2 estimates the number of discharge/charge cycles Li-ion can deliver at various DoD levels before the battery capacity drops to 70 percent. DoD constitutes a full charge followed by a discharge to the indicated state-of-charge (SoC) level in the table.

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Depth of Discharge Discharge cycles NMC LiPO4 100% DoD ~300 ~600 80% DoD ~400 ~900 60% DoD ~600 ~1,500 40% DoD ~1,000 ~3,000 20% DoD ~2,000 ~9,000 10% DoD ~6,000 ~15,000

* 100% DoD is a full cycle; 10% is very brief. Cycling in mid-state-of-charge would have best longevity.

Lithium-ion suffers from stress when exposed to heat, so does keeping a cell at a high charge voltage. A battery dwelling above 30°C (86°F) is considered elevated temperature and for most Li-ion a voltage above 4.10V/cell is deemed as high voltage. Exposing the battery to high temperature and dwelling in a full state-of-charge for an extended time can be more stressful than cycling. Table 3 demonstrates capacity loss as a function of temperature and SoC.

Temperature 40% Charge 100% Charge 0°C 98% (after 1 year) 94% (after 1 year) 25°C 96% (after 1 year) 80% (after 1 year) 40°C 85% (after 1 year) 65% (after 1 year) 60°C 75% (after 1 year) 60% (after 3 months)

Most Li-ions charge to 4.20V/cell, and every reduction in peak charge voltage of 0.10V/cell is said to double the cycle life. For example, a lithium-ion cell charged to 4.20V/cell typically delivers 300–500 cycles. If charged to only 4.10V/cell, the life can be prolonged to 600–1,000 cycles; 4.0V/cell should deliver 1,200–2,000 and 3.90V/cell should provide 2,400–4,000 cycles.

On the negative side, a lower peak charge voltage reduces the capacity the battery stores. As a simple guideline, every 70mV reduction in charge voltage lowers the overall capacity by 10 percent. Applying the peak charge voltage on a subsequent charge will restore the full capacity.

In terms of longevity, the optimal charge voltage is 3.92V/cell. Battery experts believe that this threshold eliminates all voltage-related stresses; going lower may not gain further benefits but induce other symptoms(See BU-808b: What causes Li-ion to die?) Table 4 summarizes the capacity as a function of charge levels. (All values are estimated; Energy Cells with higher voltage thresholds may deviate.)

Charge Level* (V/cell) Discharge Cycles Available Stored Energy ** [4.30] [150–250] [110–115%] 4.25 200–350 105–110% 4.20 300–500 100% 4.13 400–700 90% 4.06 600–1,000 81% 4.00 850–1,500 73% 3.92 1,200–2,000 65% 3.85 2,400–4,000 60%

Every 0.10V drop below 4.20V/cell doubles the cycle but holds less capacity. Raising the voltage above 4.20V/cell would shorten the life. The readings reflect regular Li-ion charging to 4.20V/cell.

Guideline: Every 70mV drop in charge voltage lowers the usable capacity by about 10%.
Note: Partial charging negates the benefit of Li-ion in terms of high specific energy.

* Similar life cycles apply for batteries with different voltage levels on full charge.
** Based on a new battery with 100% capacity when charged to the full voltage.

Experiment: Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, reports that using a reduced charge level of 50% SOC increases the lifetime expectancy of the vehicle Li-ion battery by 44–130%.

Most chargers for mobile phones, laptops, tablets and digital cameras charge Li-ion to 4.20V/cell. This allows maximum capacity, because the consumer wants nothing less than optimal runtime. Industry, on the other hand, is more concerned about longevity and may choose lower voltage thresholds. Satellites and electric vehicles are such examples.

For safety reasons, many lithium-ions cannot exceed 4.20V/cell. (Some NMC are the exception.) While a higher voltage boosts capacity, exceeding the voltage shortens service life and compromises safety. Figure 5 demonstrates cycle count as a function of charge voltage. At 4.35V, the cycle count of a regular Li-ion is cut in half.

Besides selecting the best-suited voltage thresholds for a given application, a regular Li-ion should not remain at the high-voltage ceiling of 4.20V/cell for an extended time. The Li-ion charger turns off the charge current and the battery voltage reverts to a more natural level. This is like relaxing the muscles after a strenuous exercise(See BU-409: Charging Lithium-ion)

Figure 6 illustrates dynamic stress tests (DST) reflecting capacity loss when cycling Li-ion at various charge and discharge bandwidths. The largest capacity loss occurs when discharging a fully charged Li-ion to 25 percent SoC (black); the loss would be higher if fully discharged. Cycling between 85 and 25 percent (green) provides a longer service life than charging to 100 percent and discharging to 50 percent (dark blue). The smallest capacity loss is attained by charging Li-ion to 75 percent and discharging to 65 percent. This, however, does not fully utilize the battery. High voltages and exposure to elevated temperature is said to degrade the battery quicker than cycling under normal condition. (Nissan Leaf case)

• Case 1: 75–65% SoC offers longest cycle life but delivers only 90,000 energy units (EU). Utilizes 10% of battery.
• Case 2: 75–25% SoC has 3,000 cycles (to 90% capacity) and delivers 150,000 EU. Utilizes 50% of battery. (EV battery, new.)
• Case 3: 85–25% SoC has 2,000 cycles. Delivers 120,000 EU. Uses 60% of battery.
• Case 4: 100–25% SoC; long runtime with 75% use of battery. Has short life. (Mobile , drone, etc.)

* Discrepancies exist between Table 2 and Figure 6 on cycle count. No clear explanations are available other than assuming differences in battery quality and test methods. Variances between low-cost consumer and durable industrial grades may also play a role. Capacity retention will decline more rapidly at elevated temperatures than at 20ºC.

Only a full cycle provides the specified energy of a battery. With a modern Energy Cell, this is about 250Wh/kg, but the cycle life will be compromised. All being linear, the life-prolonging mid-range of 85-25 percent reduces the energy to 60 percent and this equates to moderating the specific energy density from 250Wh/kg to 150Wh/kg. Mobile phones are consumer goods that utilize the full energy of a battery. Industrial devices, such as the EV, typically limit the charge to 85% and discharge to 25%, or 60 percent energy usability, to prolong battery life(See Why Mobile Batteries do not last as long as an EV Battery)

Increasing the cycle depth also raises the internal resistance of the Li-ion cell. Figure 7 illustrates a sharp rise at a cycle depth of 61 percent measured with the DC resistance method(See also BU-802a: How does Rising Internal Resistance affect Performance?) The resistance increase is permanent.

Note: DC method delivers different internal resistance readings than with the AC method (green frame). For best results, use the DC method to calculate loading.

Figure 8 extrapolates the data from Figure 6 to expand the predicted cycle life of Li-ion by using an extrapolation program that assumes linear decay of battery capacity with progressive cycling. If this were true, then a Li-ion battery cycled within 75%–25% SoC (blue) would fade to 74% capacity after 14,000 cycles. If this battery were charged to 85% with same depth-of-discharge (green), the capacity would drop to 64% at 14,000 cycles, and with a 100% charge with same DoD (black), the capacity would drop to 48%. For unknown reasons, real-life expectancy tends to be lower than in simulated modeling(See BU-208: Cycling Performance)

Li-ion batteries are charged to three different SoC levels and the cycle life modelled. Limiting the charge range prolongs battery life but decreases energy delivered. This reflects in increased weight and higher initial cost.

Battery manufacturers often specify the cycle life of a battery with an 80 DoD. This is practical because batteries should retain some reserve before charge under normal use(See BU-501: Basics about Discharging, “What Constitutes a Discharge Cycle”) The cycle count on DST (dynamic stress test) differs with battery type, charge time, loading protocol and operating temperature. Lab tests often get numbers that are not attainable in the field.

What Can the User Do?

Environmental conditions, not cycling alone, govern the longevity of lithium-ion batteries. The worst situation is keeping a fully charged battery at elevated temperatures. Battery packs do not die suddenly, but the runtime gradually shortens as the capacity fades.

Lower charge voltages prolong battery life and electric vehicles and satellites take advantage of this. Similar provisions could also be made for consumer devices, but these are seldom offered; planned obsolescence takes care of this.

A laptop battery could be prolonged by lowering the charge voltage when connected to the AC grid. To make this feature user-friendly, a device should feature a “Long Life” mode that keeps the battery at 4.05V/cell and offers a SoC of about 80 percent. One hour before traveling, the user requests the “Full Capacity” mode to bring the charge to 4.20V/cell.

The question is asked, “Should I disconnect my laptop from the power grid when not in use?” Under normal circumstances this should not be necessary because charging stops when the Li-ion battery is full. A topping charge is only applied when the battery voltage drops to a certain level. Most users do not remove the AC power, and this practice is safe.

Modern laptops run cooler than older models and reported fires are fewer. Always keep the airflow unobstructed when running electric devices with air-cooling on a bed or pillow. A cool laptop extends battery life and safeguards the internal components. Energy Cells, which most consumer products have, should be charged at 1C or less. Avoid so-called ultra-fast chargers that claim to fully charge Li-ion in less than one hour.

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References